We walk through an optimization problem step by step, clearly explaining how to identify variables, set up the correct function, apply derivatives, and find maximum or minimum values. Each step is ...

Expensive optimization problem (EOP) refers to the problem that requires expensive or even unaffordable costs to evaluate candidate solutions, which widely exist in many significant real-world ...

Interval-valued optimization problems constitute a rapidly evolving field in applied mathematics and engineering, addressing situations where uncertainty and imprecision are inherent in model ...